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Cinema of Indonesia has a long history. Though film industry is currently the fastest-growing sub-sector of creative economy of Indonesia, it had went through a long and struggling period. The number of moviegoers in the country were more than 42 million in 2017. As of 2018, there are about 1700 screens in Indonesia, which is expected to reach 3000 by 2020. 21 Cineplex, CGV Cinemas and Cinemaxx currently dominate the movie theater industry in Indonesia.^[1]

• 1History

History[edit]

Colonial era[edit]

The first showing of films in the Dutch East Indies was in 1900,^[5] and over the next twenty years foreign productions – generally from the United States – were imported and shown throughout the country.^[6] Domestic production of documentaries had begun in 1911^[7] but were unable to compete with imported works.^[6] By 1923 a local feature film production spearheaded by the Middle East Film Co. was announced, but the work was not completed.^[8]

The first domestically produced film in the Indies was in 1926: Loetoeng Kasaroeng, a silent film by Dutch director L. Heuveldorp. This adaptation of the Sundanese legend was made with local actors by the NV Java Film Company in Bandung and premiered on 31 December 1926 at the Elite and Majestic Theatres in Bandung.^[9] The following year, G. Krugers – who had served as a technician and cinematographer for Loetoeng Kasaroeng^[10] – released his directorial debut (the second film in the Indies), Eulis Atjih. Owing to Loetoeng Kasaroeng's limited release, Kruger was able to advertise his film as the colony's first.^[11] A year later, the second novel to be adapted to film in Indonesia, Setangan Berloemoer Darah, was produced by Tan Boen Soan.^[12]

Ethnic Chinese directors and producers, capitalising on the success of films produced in Shanghai, China, became involved in the colony's cinema beginning in 1928, when Nelson Wong completed Lily van Java.^[13][14] Although the Wongs went on hiatus, other ethnic Chinese became involved in film. Several Chinese owned start-ups are recorded from 1929 on, including Nancing Film with Resia Boroboedoer (1928) and Tan's Film with Njai Dasima (1929).^[15] By the early 1930s Chinese-owned businesses were the dominating force in the country's film industry.^[16]

After the Great Depression reached the Indies, production slowed tremendously: the Dutch East Indies government collected higher taxes and cinemas sold tickets at lower prices, ensuring that there was a very low profit margin for local films. As a result, cinemas in the colony mainly showed Hollywood productions, while the domestic industry decayed.^[17]The Teng Chun, who had made his debut in 1931 with Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang, was the only producer able to release films during 1934 and early 1935: his low budget but popular films were mainly inspired by Chinese mythology or martial arts, and although aimed at ethnic Chinese proved popular among native audiences because of their action sequences.^[18]

In an attempt to show that locally produced, well-made films could be profitable, the Dutch journalist Albert Balink, who had no formal film experience,^[19] produced Pareh in 1935 in collaboration with Nelson Wong and his brothers. Though the film, costing 20 times as much as most contemporary productions, was an ultimately failure, it affected The Teng Chun's directorial style; the latter took less traditional stories.^[20] Balink's next attempt, Terang Boelan, was released two years later. Unlike Pareh, Terang Boelan was a marked commercial success, earning 200,000 Straits dollars (then equivalent to US$ 114,470^[21]) in two months.^[22] These two films are, according to American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider, Indonesia's most important films of the 1930s.^[23]

The triple successes of Terang Boelan, Fatima (1938), and Alang-Alang (1939) revived the domestic film industry.^[24] Four new production houses were established in 1940,^[25] and actors and actresses previously attached to theatrical troupes entered the film industry, which was reaching new audiences.^[26] The new works, fourteen in 1940 and thirty in 1941,^[27] generally followed the formula established by Terang Boelan: songs, beautiful scenery and romance.^[28] Others, such as Asmara Moerni, attempted to reach the growing native intelligentsia by drawing journalists or figures from the growing nationalist movement into cinema.^[29]

Japanese occupation[edit]

After its genesis during the Dutch colonial era, the Indonesian film industry was coopted by the Japanese occupiers during the Second World War as a propaganda tool. The first thing the Japanese did was to halt all film production in Indonesia. Then the Office of Cultural Enlightenment (啓民文化指導所) headed by Ishimoto Tokichi appropriated facilities from all filmmaking organisations consolidating them into a single studio which became the Jakarta branch of The Japan Film Corporation (日本映画社) or Nichi'ei.^[30] The majority of films made in Indonesia under the Japanese were educational films and newsreels produced for audiences in Japan. The Jakarta branch was strategically placed at the extreme southern end of Japan's empire and soon became a centre of newsreel production in that region. Popular news serials such as News from the South and Berita Film di Djawa were produced here. Japanese newsreels promoted such topics as conscripted 'romusha' labourers (ロムシャの生活, 1944), voluntary enlistment into the imperial Japanese Army (南の願望, 1944), and Japanese language acquisition by Indonesian children (ニッポン語競技会, 1944).^[31]

The great victory in Japan's occupation of the Indonesian film industry did not lie in financial gain. Local Japanese-sponsored film production (other than newsreels) remained essentially negligible and the domestic exhibition market was too underdeveloped to be financially viable. However, Nichi'ei's occupation of the Indonesian film industry was a strategic victory over the West, demonstrating that a non-Western Asian nation could displace Hollywood and the Dutch. Indonesia was one of the last areas in the empire to surrender and many who worked at Nichi'ei stayed on after defeat to work for Indonesian independence from the Dutch.^[31]

Korean director Hae Yeong (aka Hinatsu Eitaro) was one such person who migrated to Java from Korea in 1945 where he made the controversial 'documentary' Calling Australia (豪州の呼び声, 1944). After the war, Hae changed his name to Dr. Huyung, married an Indonesian woman with whom he had two sons, and directed three films before his death in 1952, Between Sky and Earth (1951), Gladis Olah Raga (1951), and Bunga Rumar Makan (1952). Calling Australia was commissioned by the Imperial Japanese Army and depicted Japanese prisoner of war camps as if they were country clubs showing prisoners feasting on steak and beer, swimming, and playing sports. After the war, the film caused such a stir that The Netherlands Indies Film Unit rushed into production Nippon Presents which used some of the P.O.W.s from Calling Australia to expose that film as Japanese lies. In 1987, Australian filmmaker Graham Shirley assembled the remaining survivors to make yet another documentary about how both regimes had conspired to exploit the prisoners each for their own purposes.^[31]

After independence[edit]

After independence, the Sukarno government used it for nationalistic, anti-Imperialism purposes. Foreign film imports were banned. After the overthrow of Sukarno by Suharto's New Order regime, films were regulated through a censorship code that aimed to maintain the social order and regime grip on society.^[32]Usmar Ismail, a director from West Sumatra made a major imprint in Indonesian film in the 1950s and 1960s.^[33]

1980s[edit]

The industry reached its peak in the 1980s, with successful films such as Naga Bonar (1987) and Catatan si Boy (1989). Warkop's comedy films, directed by Arizal also proved to be successful. The industry has also found appeal among teens with such fare as Pintar-pintar Bodoh (1982), and Maju Kena Mundur Kena (1984). Actors during this era included Deddy Mizwar, Eva Arnaz, Lidya Kandou, Onky Alexander, Meriam Bellina, Rano Karno, and Paramitha Rusady.^[34] The film Tjoet Nja' Dhien (1988) winning 9 Citra Awards at the 1988 Indonesian Film Festival.^[35] It was also the first Indonesian movie chosen for screening at the Cannes Film Festival,^[35] where it was awarded Best International Film in 1989.^[36]

1990s[edit]

However, by the 1990s imports of foreign films resumed, and the artistic quality of Indonesian films was reduced due to competition, especially from the US and Hong Kong. The number of movies produced decreased significantly, from 115 movies in 1990 to just 37 in 1993.^[37] Rampant counterfeiting and television also contributed to the degradation of Indonesian cinema. In decade, Indonesian cinema was dominated by serial electronic cinema (sinetron). Multivision Plus under Raam Punjabi, controlled one of many cinema companies who produced sinetron. The majority of films produced were exploitive, adult-themed B-movies shown in budget cinemas and outdoor screenings or direct-to-video or television.^[34] In 1996, 33 films were made in Indonesia, with majority of the films produced were filled with adult-themed content, and later on decreased significantly. Only seven domestic films were made in 1999.

2000s[edit]

Under the Reformasi movement of the post-Suharto era, independent filmmaking was a rebirth of the filming industry in Indonesia, where films started addressing topics which were previously banned such as religion, race, love and other topics.^[32]

In 2002, the domestic films made increased from only 6 in 2001, to 10 films, and as the years passed on, the domestic films made increased significantly.

Recent notable films include Ada Apa dengan Cinta? directed by Rudi Soedjarwo in 2002, Eliana Eliana, directed by Riri Riza, and Arisan! starring Tora Sudiro, which was released in 2005, Beauty and Warrior, Indonesia's first animatedfeature film was released. That same year Gie (dir.Riri Riza), based on a biopic of Indonesian activist Soe Hok Gie, was also released.

The release of Ayat-Ayat Cinta, directed by Hanung Bramantyo, attracted one segment of audience like never before in the Indonesian filming. The melodramatic story did not give new approaches to cinematic storytelling but the crossover between Islam and modern-romance story has succeeded in luring Muslims around the country into cinemas.^[38]

In 2009, Infinite Frameworks released their first full-length animation movie, Sing to the Dawn ('Meraih Mimpi' in Indonesian). The movie itself is almost Indonesian-made since some of top members are foreigners. However, all artists and dubbers are Indonesian and most of the dubbers are top celebrities like Gita Gutawa, Surya Saputra, Jajang C. Noer, etc.

2010s[edit]

Between 2010 until 2011, due to the substantial increase in value added tax applied to foreign films, cinemas no longer have access to many foreign films, including Oscar-winning films. Foreign films include major box offices from the west, and other major film producers of the world. This has caused a massive ripple effect on the country's economy. It is assumed that this increases purchase of unlicensed DVDs. However, even copyright violating DVDs now take longer to obtain. The minimum cost to view a foreign film not screened locally, is 1 million Rupiah. This is equivalent to US$100, as it includes a plane ticket to Singapore.^[39]

The Indonesian film market is in the C, D, E classes, and due to this, foreign porn stars such as Sasha Grey, Vicky Vette, Maria Ozawa, Sora Aoi, and Rin Sakuragi have been invited to play a part in movies. Most locally made movies are low-budget horror films.^[40]

But locally made film quality has gone up since 2011, this was attested by the international release of films such as The Raid (2011)^[41] and its 2014 sequel,^[42]Modus Anomali (2012), Dilema (2012), Lovely Man (2012), Java Heat (2013) and Pengabdi Setan (2017).^[43]

Film festivals[edit]

The major film festival of Indonesia is the Jakarta International Film Festival (JiFFest) held every year in December since 1998. The eighth festival began on 8 December 2006 with Babel, a film starring Brad Pitt and Cate Blanchett. The 9th JiFFest was held on 7–16 December 2007.

Jakarta also hosted film festivals such as the 52nd Asia-Pacific Film Festival (APFF) on 18–22 November 2008.

Another event is the Indonesian Film Festival (Festival Film Indonesia/FFI), which has been held intermittently since 1955. From 1973 to 1992, the festival was held annually and then discontinued until it was later revived in 2004. It hosts a competition, which hands out the Citra Award.

Movie theatres[edit]

As of 2018, there are about 1700 screens in Indonesia, which is expected to reach 3000 by 2020. Cineplex 21, CGV Cinemas and Cinemaxx currently dominate the movie theater industry in Indonesia with 1,003, 275 and 203 screens, respectively.^[44]

The largest cinema chain in Indonesia is 21 Cineplex, which has cinemas spread throughout thirty cities on the islands of Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Bali, Sulawesi, Moluccas, and Papua. It has 3 separate brands, namely Cinema 21, Cinema XXI and The Premiere to target different markets. Since 2012, Cinema 21 outlets are gradually being renovated to become Cinema XXI.

Another cinema chain is Blitzmegaplex, which opened its first location in 2006. In 2017, the brand name was changed to CGV.^[45] As of January 2019 it has already opened 57 theaters with 249 screens in 21 cities across Indonesia.^[46] Its Megaplex at Grand Indonesia in Jakarta, is dubbed Indonesia's largest cineplex by the MURI (Indonesian Record Museum).

Cinemaxx, launched by Lippo Group, opened its first cinema at The Plaza Semanggi on 17 August 2014. Cinemaxx currently operates 45 cinemas with more than 200 screens in Indonesia. It expects to open 300 cinemas with 2,000 screens spread across 85 cities in the next ten years.^[47]

In May 2017, Agung Sedayu Group opened FLIX Cinema, with its first outlet at PIK Avenue, North Jakarta. Three months later, it opened its second outlet at Grand Galaxy Park, Bekasi. It plans to open outlets at District 8 Shopping Centre, South Jakarta and Mall of Indonesia, North Jakarta (replacing CGV).

Many smaller independent cinemas also exist, such as Platinum, New Star, BES Cinema, Surya Yudha Cinema, and Dakota Cinema.

Bibliography[edit]

• A to Z about Indonesian Film, Ekky Imanjaya (Bandung: Mizan, 2006).
• Katalog Film Indonesia 1926-2005, JB Kristanto (Jakarta: Nalar, 2006). ISBN978-979-99395-3-1

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^ab'Number of Cinema Screens in Indonesia Expected to Double Over Next 3 Years'. Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
2. ^'Average national film production'. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
3. ^'Table 11: Exhibition - Admissions & Gross Box Office (GBO)'. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
4. ^'Indonesia the next biggest box office market'. Film Journal. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
5. ^Biran 2009, p. 2.
6. ^ ^abBiran 2009, pp. 33–35.
7. ^Biran 2009, p. 53.
8. ^Biran 2009, p. 57.
9. ^Robertson, Patrick (September 1993). The Guinness Book of Movie Facts & Feats. Abbeville Press. ISBN978-1-55859-697-9.
10. ^Biran 2009, pp. 60–61.
11. ^Biran 2009, p. 73.
12. ^Woodrich 2014, p. 27.
13. ^Biran 2009, p. 77.
14. ^JCG, Lily van Java.
15. ^Biran 2009, p. 379.
16. ^Biran 2009, pp. 380–381.
17. ^Biran 2009, p. 145.
18. ^Biran 2009, pp. 147–150.
19. ^Jakarta City Government, Albert Balink.
20. ^Biran 2009, pp. 160–162.
21. ^New York Times 1938, Foreign Exchange.
22. ^Biran 2009.
23. ^Heider, Karl G. (1991). Indonesian Cinema: National Culture on Screen. U of Hawaii P. p. 15. ISBN9780824813673. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
24. ^Biran 2009, p. 182.
25. ^Biran 2009, p. 205.
26. ^Said 1982, p. 27.
27. ^Biran 2009, p. 380–383.
28. ^Biran 2009, p. 25; Said 1982, p. 25.
29. ^Biran 2009, p. 260.
30. ^Baskett, Michael (2008). The Attractive Empire: Transnational Film Culture in Imperial Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN978-0-8248-3223-0.
31. ^ ^abcBaskett, The Attractive Empire.
32. ^ ^abSen, Krishna (2006). Giecko, Anne Tereska (ed.). Contemporary Asian Cinema, Indonesia: Screening a Nation in the Post-New Order. Oxford/New York: Berg. pp. 96–107. ISBN978-1-84520-237-8.
33. ^Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey (1996). The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. p. 690. ISBN978-0-19-811257-0.
34. ^ ^abKristianto, JB (2 July 2005). 'Sepuluh Tahun Terakhir Perfilman Indonesia' (in Indonesian). Kompas. Archived from the original on 13 January 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
35. ^ ^abMonash 2007-08-03, Tjoet Nja' Dhien.
36. ^Siapno 2006, p. 25.
37. ^Kondisi Perfilman di Indonesia
38. ^Sasono, Eric (4 April 2008). 'Pertemuan Baru Islam dan Cinta'. Kompas. Archived from the original on 19 July 2013.
39. ^'New Import Policy Will Kill Indonesian Film Industry: Noorca'. Jakarta Globe. 21 February 2011. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
40. ^Belford, Aubrey (28 March 2011). 'Porn Stars, Clad? They Seem to Appeal to Indonesian Filmgoers'. The New York Times. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
41. ^Bradshaw, Peter (17 May 2012). 'The Raid - review'. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
42. ^Rizky Sekar Afrisia (24 January 2014). ''The Raid 2: Berandal' Mengguncang Festival Film Internasional' (in Indonesian). Viva. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
43. ^Yosephina, Liza (3 April 2018). ''Pengabdi Setan' opens at No. 1 in Hong Kong'. The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
44. ^'Number of Cinema Screens in Indonesia Expected to Double Over Next 3 Years'. Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
45. ^'CGV Blitz Rebrands, Changes Name to CGV Cinemas'. The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
46. ^'Kontrak Habis, CGV MoI Ditutup'. Kompas. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
47. ^'Cinemaxx Hadir di Mall Living World Pekanbaru'. Berita Satu. Retrieved 28 September 2018.

Works cited[edit]

• 'Albert Balink'. Encyclopedia of Jakarta (in Indonesian). Jakarta City Government. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
• Biran, Misbach Yusa (2009). Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa [History of Film 1900–1950: Making Films in Java] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Komunitas Bamboo working with the Jakarta Art Council. ISBN978-979-3731-58-2.
• 'Foreign Exchange'. The New York Times. New York. 8 June 1938. Retrieved 24 November 2012.(subscription required)
• 'Lily van Java'. Encyclopedia of Jakarta (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Jakarta City Government. Archived from the original on 21 August 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
• Said, Salim (1982). Profil Dunia Film Indonesia [Profile of Indonesian Cinema] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Grafiti Pers. OCLC9507803.
• Woodrich, Chris (2014). Ekranisasi Awal: Adapting Films to the Silver Screen in the Dutch East Indies (Master of Arts thesis). Gadjah Mada University.

External links[edit]

• Indonesian films at the Internet Movie Database
• 21 Cineplex – Indonesian movie-theater chain
• Blitz Megaplex - Indonesian multiplex chain
• Cinemaxx - Indonesian movie-theater chain
• EngageMedia - social change film online from Indonesia and the Asia-Pacific
• Rumah Film - Resource of Indonesian Film, in Indonesian Language
• filmindonesia.or.id - Online version of JB Kristanto's film catalogue and article archive on Indonesian Films, in Indonesian Language